Absolutism Essay -- English History French History Papers

Absolutism During the pre-Enlightenment period, France and England went through very dramatic and very different government change. At the beginning of this time period, England had achieved relative stability, due largely in part to Elizabeth I long and successful reign. On the other hand, France had been subjected to numerous civil and religious wars, therefore leading to instability. French absolutism was largely a result of these crises and tragedies, with the country recognizing the need for a strong, powerful leader, which they found during the long and successful reign of Louis XIV. In England however, many problems arose due to a series of short and incapable rulers, beginning with James I and ending with James II. During Louis XIV’s reign, he was able to create a strong and stable absolute state by controlling the French nobility. Previously, during Louis XIII reign, the nobility had a great deal of power, and the French government was not centralized. Instead, the nobles acted as the middlemen, regulating the taxes and military of the French regions. The peasants paid taxes directly to the nobles, who kept a certain portion for themselves and then paid the remainder to the King. Individual regions raised and paid for their own armies; when the king required military help, the army came from these semi-private sources. Religiously, the state was also controlled by the nobles due to the Edict of Nantes, which gave the nobles the power to determine the religion of their lands. These factors lead to a divided French state, which reduced the power of Louis XIII. France was subjected to various civil wars and wars of religion, and the future king, Louis XIV, witnessing this period of unrest, vowed to impleme... ...V had achieved, and the English people feared their religious freedom was being jeopardized. These circumstances would then lead to England’s â€Å"Glorious Revolution,† which would take on the unpopular monarchy and defeat it, thereby putting William and Mary in the English throne. France and England underwent very different changes during the seventeenth century. While France transformed from an instability, war-torn country to a united, prosperous nation, England did just the opposite. France’s success can be largely attributed to Louis XIV long reign, and England’s decline was caused by a series of short rules by vastly different rulers. The rise of absolutism in France proved Louis’s power over his people, and the rise of constitutionalism and parliamentary power in France was due to monarchial weaknesses and strained relations between the two governing bodies.

Why Kedarnath Happened

A scientific analysis of the reasons for the disaster that struck Uttarakhand, particularly the temple town. THE primary trigger for the Uttarakhand disaster following the very heavy rain during June 16-18 was the extremely unusual behaviour of the monsoon this year over north India. The incessant, heavy rainfall over three days, perhaps accompanied by a few cloudburst-type events (which cannot be confirmed), resulted in flash floods and associated landslides. The devastation all round in their wake has been huge but the largest impact has been at the temple town of Kedarnath, which was in the midst of the annual pilgrimage season, with tens of thousands of people thronging the town and the downstream region along the Mandakini river . 1). Rainfall measurements for June 16 and 17 at the Dehradun station, of 220 millimetres and 370 mm respectively, indicate the severity of the rain during these days in the region. Haridwar received 107 mm and 218 mm of rainfall on the two days. Uttarkashi received 122 mm and 207 mm. While Mukteshwar (altitude over 2,000 metres) received 237 mm and 183 mm respectively on June 17 and 18, Nainital on the same days received 176 mm and 170 mm. Though rainfall over a 24-hour period in different parts of Uttarakhand has greatly exceeded these figures in the past (on many occasions above 450-500 mm and once even 900 mm at Rajpur near Dehradun), prolonged heavy rainfall for nearly three days over a large area is perhaps unprecedented, and the cumulative effect, compounded by geophysical, meteorological and environmental factors, may be the reason for the enormity of the disaster. More pertinently, these numbers do not give the actual quantitative picture of the very heavy rainfall in the higher reaches of the Himalayas (above 3,000 m) in Uttarakhand, where Kedarnath, Gangotri and Badrinath are located and where the impact has been most severe. This is because the rain gauge stations of the India Meteorological Department (IMD) are all located largely in the lower Himalayan reaches (below 2,000 m) and there are no stations in the higher reaches (above 3000 m). This is probably because snowfall data is regarded as more important than detailed rainfall data in these regions. As a result, there is no proper estimate of the rainfall in the affected regions. Unexpected advance What was peculiar about the monsoon this year? On June 14, the monsoon front was located over eastern India. In fact it was a trifle sluggish compared with the normal progress of the front (Map 1a). But within a day (Map 1b), the front advanced right across Uttar Pradesh and the western regions to cover the entire country by June 15, exactly a month ahead of its normal date of July 15. While the IMD had forecast a rapid advance with the announcement that the monsoon would strike Delhi before the normal scheduled date of June 30, its advance right across to the west just within a day was entirely unexpected. This has never happened in the past, according to M. Rajeevan, Adviser in the Ministry of Earth Sciences (MoES). A system of westerly winds from the Arabian Sea had also been active during the same period and had covered Pakistan. It was a strong westerly system, and Rajeevan noted that it was similar to the system that stayed anchored over Pakistan in July 2010 and caused widespread flooding in Sindh, Punjab and Baluchistan. Of course, by July 2010 the south-west monsoon had covered entire India, but this time around the system had formed in June itself. It was the interaction between the well-formed low-pressure system of the south-west monsoon from east to west and the upper air westerly trough running from north-west Rajasthan to the east that resulted in the heavy rainfall over Uttarakhand. In fact, the westerly system dragged the monsoon trough, which was anchored over Rajasthan and central India until then, towards the north across Haryana. A monsoon trough facilitates the movement of rainfall-causing low-pressure systems along its path. Its rapid movement northwards enabled the low-pressure system that was in the eastern part of the country to quickly traverse and locate itself over north-west India. According to Rajeevan, while the phenomenon of the monsoon trough being dragged northwards by the advancing strong westerly trough is known to occur, the exact dynamics of interaction between the two systems is not well studied. Thus, as the press release of June 20 of the IMD noted, â€Å"North-west India became the zone of an unusual confluence of the two branches of the monsoon—the Arabian Sea branch and the Bay of Bengal branch. The geology and orography of [the Himalayan regions] of Uttarakhand and Himachal Pradesh resulted in the unprecedented impact in these two States. † While the IMD had issued warnings of widespread severe rainfall in the region soon after the observation of the advancing monsoon systems, the scale of impact could not be anticipated. Geophysical dynamics The peculiarity of the monsoon apart, the other interesting question is what geophysical dynamics channelled the major part of devastation along the Kedarnath valley and downstream of Kedarnath on the Mandakini. The region around Kedarnath is known to geologists to be prone to landslides. This is also clear from an early 1882 Geological Survey of India photograph of Kedarnath (Picture 2), which shows that the temple site is located not far away from the snouts of two mountain glaciers. David Petley, an expert on landslides at the Department of Geography at Durham University, United Kingdom, has analysed the calamitous event at Kedarnath on the basis of images from the remote-sensing satellites of the Indian Space Research Organisation (ISRO) and the U. S. Landsat. He points out that the amount of debris and rubble below the glacier on the left side of the 1882 picture suggests that transportation of sediment and debris from the upper reaches was active even then, and adds that the steep slope that is visible would have aided rapid transportation. It should be borne in mind that the geology is still roughly the same (Picture 3). It is evident from the post-event images of Kedarnath town around the temple that the massive destruction was the result of largescale debris carried by the huge volume of water from the upper reaches above the town. One of the compounding factors was that the glacial regions above Kedarnath had received fresh and excess snowfall when heavy rainfall hit the region (Pictures 4a & b), according to scientists of the National Remote Sensing Centre (NRSC) of ISRO. Rainwater, with higher temperature, falling on the snow must have led to heavy snow melt and this runoff would have added to the rainwater runoff, resulting in a huge water flow that carried with it a huge debris flow, which struck the town with enormous ferocity. The snow cover has, in fact, increased in general subsequent to the extreme rainfall and flooding events (the satellite image on May 28/June 1 shows less snow cover). According to the NRSC scientists, the detailed dynamics of water flow due to snow melt caused by rain, particularly when snowfall is in excess, and the hydrology of it are not well understood. The NRSC recently released excellent high-resolution pre-flood and post-flood images of the Kedarnath region (Pictures 5a & 5b) taken by ISRO’s remote-sensing satellites Cartosat-2A and Resourcesat-2. The NRSC, on the basis of remote-sensing images from Resourcesat-2, has carried out an inventory of the landslides that occurred between Kedarnath and Sonprayag, a distance of approximately 20 km on the Mandakini. According to the preliminary report, the study identified a total of 192 landslides in this Himalayan stretch (Picture 6). Many landslides were triggered in the glacial regions in the mountains above Kedarnath. The large-scale debris flows from above were the result of these massive landslides. Double whammy Actually, for Kedarnath it was a double whammy. The massive damage caused to Kedarnath town can be seen clearly in the post-flood image. Just as there was an unusual confluence of two monsoon streams up in the atmosphere, in the mountainous terrain around Kedarnath, too, there was a coincidental reinforcing of two massive debris flows from above, one from the north-western side of the Kedarnath temple and the other from the north-eastern side. Petley has analysed these images to arrive at a plausible scenario as to what caused the massive onslaught on the town, virtually flattening it. This flow cascaded further and caused heavy damage downstream as well. The NRSC scientists, too, in their analysis, have come roughly to the same general conclusion. According to Petley, the two different but reinforcing events that caused the disaster were landslide-induced debris that came from the glaciated area in the north-east and a glacial-related flow that originated from the north-west glacier. From the images, one can distinctly identify the two flows. Petley, from his analysis of the images, the-cause -of-the-debris-flow-disaster-is-now -clear/), has inferred the following: 1. The flow from the north-east came down the margin of the glacier and spread out to strike the town. 2. The north-west flow descended from the other glacier to hit the town. 3. While a large part of the flow from the north-west passed the town on its west side, a part also struck it directly. On the basis of the pattern of overlay of sediments and their nature, Petley concludes that the flow from the north-west occurred after the one from the north-east. According to him, the debris flow from the north-east was triggered by a large, 75 m wide, landslide caused by heavy rainfall high on the mountains, which then came down the steep slope about 500 m, gathering the debris in its path. The flow was initially channelled into a narrow gully formed by the glacier and on exiting it the flow spread out in the floodplains before striking the town over a large area. The steepness of the slope would have given the debris enormous velocity when it struck the town. The total length traversed by this debris flow is estimated to be about 1,200 m. The event from the north-west was, however, quite different, points out Petley. The spot marked 1 in Picture 7 is a moraine, which had created a block for a basin to form, allowing the water to build up in it as a pool or a lake. This is what the local people call the Chorabari Tal, to which, in fact, pilgrims trek a few kilometres along the west side of the valley to have a dip. The Chorabari glacier has been retreating constantly in modern times, and according to D. P. Dobhal of the Wadia Institute of Himalayan Geology, it has retreated about 300 m since 1960. The effect of the retreat is to leave a moraine that can allow lakes to form, which can then collapse,† pointed out Petley in an e-mail message to Frontline. â€Å"In Kedarnath, this is exactly what happened. I am not sure when the lake basin formed—it may not have been in modern times—but this is a dangerous situation. Of equal concern is the trend towards more intense rainfall, especially if this occurs early in the year (that is, during snowmelt),† Petley added. Wall of water Eyewitness accounts say a huge wall of water swept the Kedarnath town in a flash. The spot marked 2 shows that the moraine had been breached by the rapidly building up water because of heavy rainfall and the water overtopping the moraine wall. The breach led to the sudden release of the impounded water and resulted in a massive wall of water sweeping across the Kedarnath valley and the town and causing a huge flash flood. According to the NRSC scientists, this lake would have had a depth of about 15 m, and the event was not exactly a glacial lake outburst flood (GLOF), which occurs when a dam or moraine wall is breached because of the sheer pressure exerted by the stagnant glacial water and ice that it encloses. This was a case of lake flooding because of excessive rainfall and consequent overtopping of the moraine wall, which eventually breached. The flow was so huge and forceful that it overtopped the moraine on the other side of the glacier as well, at the spot marked 3, resulting in three flows: one moving south-east to join the earlier debris flow from the north-east and enhancing it before turning southwards and striking the town. The third flow is a new channel that opened up, perhaps exploiting an existing old channel, because of the breach at spot 3. Heading down the slope towards the town at great velocity, it gathered sediment and debris en route and resulted in a muchwidened flow closer to Kedarnath. However, the bulk of the debris flow, as Picture 7 shows, moved southwards towards the town down the main channel on the south western side, which is the normal channel for glacial water flow. The spot marked 4 shows heavy erosion due to the flow in the area, suggesting that the flow must have carried a huge volume of water. According to Petley, this flow must have carried the many huge boulders and rocks seen in the post-flood image of the temple town. Closer to the town, the flow spread before striking. As a result, the debris and water flow moved to the east side of the town as well, engulfing the town from both sides. According to this picture supplied by Petley, which others too are in general agreement with, Kedarnath was first pounded by an earlier debris flow from the north-east, then a later pounding by the flow from the north-west. Petley suggests that the latter flow must have been more efficient because of the preceding events and also because it struck the town from both the west and the east simultaneously. The image also shows a dark patch just above Kedarnath on the north-eastern side (to the right of the spot marked 5) suggesting the formation of a new depression, which could have turned into a small-sized lake because of the heavy rainfall. It is also possible that water built up in this new depression, which would have been substantial, overtopped it and hit the town from the eastern side, enhancing the effect of the runoff and debris flow from the north-eastern side, an aspect that Petley has not considered. Downstream of Kedarnath, the flow remained contained within the channel. As a result, there was massive erosion of the banks of the Mandakini Further, smaller villages downstream were also severely damaged, and some of them, such as Rambara, were totally destroyed ). The damage caused to the Kedarnath region and downstream villages by the natural destruction resulting from unusual meteorological and geophysical processes was undoubtedly greatly enhanced because of the general environmental degradation caused by the massive and unregulated influx of pilgrims year after year, the haphazard development fuelled by tourist traffic, and the unplanned and poor construction of buildings and roads. Given the vulnerability of the region, the town itself has come up in a very dangerous location, points out Petley. Therefore, how much of the destruction in this event was actually man-made is a moot question. Besides the challenges of disaster management on such a massive scale, the Uttarakhand floods have also thrown up a lot of scientific challenges in the detailed understanding of monsoon dynamics as well as in the geophysical processes of landslides and large-scale debris flow and the heavy damage they can inflict on life, property and the ecology of a region.

Is There Information On The Systems And Supports That May...

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Mauer and the CDC explain that an outbreak can still occur due to the result of many people that are not vaccinated and/or people that are infected, but are asymptomatic; which include people that travel because they can easily infect others (Mauer, 2015, p. 96), (Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, 2012). To strengthen her article, Mauer could have included locations that are particularly high risk for disease outbreak, and areas in which economic factors may impact the availability of vaccines. Teamwork and Collaboration Is the material presented with a variety of multidisciplinary perspectives? The article, â€Å"Vaccine Fears†, written by Elena Mauer, addresses the fears many parents have regarding vaccinatingShow MoreRelatedThe Number Of Grandparents Raising Grandchildren1310 Words   |  6 Pagesmodeling positive behavior (Systems, 2007, pp. A1-A5). Participants need to be provided with a note pad so they may take notes. 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Mass Medi A Positive Side And A Negative Side - 3367 Words

Daniel Chern Professor Ehrenreich April 25 2015 Mass Communication Take Home Test 1a) Mass media, much like many other things have two sides: a positive side and a negative side. Even though most of the mass media is typically associated with negative outcomes, it should not undermine the positive outcomes of mass media. One of the most important mass media form that generates positivity is television. Typically, many view television as a troublesome form of mass media that draws children’s attention away from studying and doing well in school; however, when digging deeper, there is a good side to watching television. For example, according to a content analysis in chapter 11 on family values show that â€Å"the number of extended family†¦show more content†¦In addition to television family shows, other television shows such as Sesame Street have also proved to have a positive impact on children in another way compared to television that show the importance of family values: Education. â€Å"According to a soon-to-be published meta-analysis cond ucted by researchers at UW-Madison, watching international co-productions of â€Å"Sesame Street† has a positive effect on children’s learning and is an â€Å"enduring example of a scalable and effective early childhood educational intervention (cited in references).† These positive outcomes include learning about the world which includes health and safety, social reasoning and attitudes, and also cognitive literacy and numeracy. â€Å"The significant, positive effects of cognitive, learning, and socio-emotional outcomes observed in the current meta-analysis represent real educational benefits for the millions of preschool-age children around the world who visit ‘Sesame Street’ via their televisions,† says Mares. This proves that Sesame Street is a very educational television program that provides many benefits to pre-k children. b) Aggression and Violence has always been a significantly negative part of the media. It has been involved in almost all forms of mass media including violent movies, video games, advertising, news media, and even books. â€Å"According to FBI statistics, about 87% of real crimes are nonviolent, but only 13% of crimes on

A Mental Health Consultant Is An Individual Essay

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Hemingway alleges Free Essays

In this work I’m going to examine and compare two stories wrote by Hemingway â€Å"A clean well-lighted place† and Faulkner â€Å"The rose for Emily†. This two stories touch upon the same theme-loneliness, but despite this fact the old man (from Hemingway story) and Emily (from Faulkner story) act in different ways towards the society. As for the old man (from Hemingway story) both symbolically and physically, he finds refuge in drinking brandy in this pleasant atmosphere of the coffee. We will write a custom essay sample on Hemingway alleges or any similar topic only for you Order Now The younger waiter doesn’t understand neither psychological nor spiritual dimension of the problem; hence, he cares only about not getting to go home in time. But the older waiter is like the old man, he understands him, has stared into the Great Nada, the â€Å"nothing he knew all too well.† This completely nihilistic ideology celebrates individuals, like the old waiter and the man, who find a method of coping with life’s obstacles in exquisite, majestic way.   However the old man drinks, he isn’t harsh or naughty, but considerate and civil.   Despite the obvious sufferings in his life (since he attempts felo-de-se), he doesn’t lose his serenity, he controls himself, showing dignity under compression.   Such grace, Hemingway alleges, should be the aim of every human being. I think that the main idea of this story is unity and solidarity of people. The older waiter utters his solidarity with the old man. But the young waiter doesn’t understand this problem at all he is rather self-sufficient and selfish person. The eldest waiter and the old man seem very lonely and sick and tired of life. He comprehends his severities and protected him; he also prefers to a clean, well-lighted cafà ©, to the bar; he is also looking for such place to prevent his own hopelessness at night. The climax of the story agrees closely with the climax of the solidarity theme. It comes in its final line: ‘‘He disliked bars and bodegas. A clean, well-lighted cafe was a very different thing. Now, without thinking further, he would go home to his room. He would lie in the bed and finally, with daylight, he would go to sleep. After all, he said to himself, it’s probably only insomnia. Many must have it.†Ã‚  Hemingway wanted to say in â€Å"A Clean, Well-Lighted Place† and this idea runs through all of his literature: there is no God, no significance to this world, and man must step by step find something to bewilder himself from this terrible truth. At the end of the older waiter attempts to convince himself that may be this terrible futility     is such an escape in â€Å"a clean well-lighted place†.   This is a synthetic light, which was made by one man for another man, yet it is the only method to escape the darkness of real life, which is filled with nothing significant. As for the style of the story, from my point of view, this novel is rather brief and facile so this style is called â€Å"minimalism† in its aesthetics (the word aesthetics refers to how the author tells his story). In this style one uses the concept of the minimum building blocks, which are necessary to realize the process of telling a story. Hemingway uses simple poetic diction, usually monosyllabic words of Anglo-Saxon, as antagonistic to Latin, origin. As for Grammar, he uses simple sentences; actually this is his style of writing. The story is lack of figurative language – no metaphor or simile, for example. Character and plot are minimized. These three characters do not even have names. All that happens is that the two waiters talk, the old man drinks, and then they all go home. There is little figurative language—no metaphor or simile, for example. How to cite Hemingway alleges, Papers

Masaccio, Donatello, and Brunelleschi Renaissance Pioneers Essay Example For Students

Masaccio, Donatello, and Brunelleschi Renaissance Pioneers Essay The pioneer generation of the Renaissance artists was generally considered to be the painter Mosaic, the sculptor Donated, and the architect Brucellosis. They applied Humanist thinking to art by using the styles of the classical world, instead of their immediate past, to depict the world around them in a naturalistic manner. The idealized statuary of classical antiquity served as their models, while in architecture the classical orders were applied to Renaissance buildings. They also extended their understanding of light and shadow, of perspective and anatomy. Mosaic was a key Florentine painter of the early Renaissance whose great work, the frescoes in the Britannica Chapel of the Church of Santa Maria del Carmine in Florence, remained influential throughout the Renaissance. He learned about mathematical proportion from his friend Brucellosis, which was crucial to his revival of the principles of scientific perspective. From Donated he gained knowledge of the classical styles of art that led him away from the prevailing Gothic style of painting. He inaugurated a new naturalistic approach to painting that as concerned less with flat surfaces and ornamentation than with simplicity and the illusion of three dimensions. The fresco series he painted for the Britannica Chapel in about 1427, illustrates one of his greatest innovations, the use of light to define the human body and its draperies. In these frescoes, rather than bathing his scenes in flat uniform light that was common to most current painting techniques, he painted them as if they were illuminated from a single source of light (in this case, the actual chapel window). This created a unique mix of light and shadow that gave them a natural, realistic quality hat was unknown in the art that was produced in his day. He put into practice Brutishnesss theories about how to project depth beyond a flat painted surface, employing the lines of painted architecture to create a convincing illusion of space. Donated, one of the greatest of all Italian Renaissance artists, was a master of sculpture in both marble and bronze. He had a more detailed and wide-ranging knowledge of ancient sculpture than any other artist of his day. When he was 17 years old, he assisted the noted sculptor Lorenz Gibber in constructing and escorting the famous bronze doors of the baptistery of San Giovanni in Florence. In his bronze David (c. 1430); Donated created probably the first freestanding bronze nude since antiquity. The adolescents slim, sinuous lines, and his nudity, which was emphasized by his hat, symbolized the Renaissance ideal of physical grace and beauty. Used the sole surviving ancient Roman equestrian statue, the Marcus Aurelias, as a model, and reinvented the mode of presenting a great general. He elevated the group on a high base, gave the rider an alert and commanding energy, and made the eider and horse convincingly proportionate to each other. In a later period, Donated broke away from classical influences and emphasized realism and the portrayal of character and dramatic action in his work. A notable example of his sculpture of this period is the wood sculpture of Mary Magdalene (c. 1454). He used a powerful realism that gives his statues a distinct look. Donated had an immense impact on the art and the artists of the Renaissance. He invented the shallow relief technique in which the sculpture seems deep but is actually done on a very shallow plane. He seemed to be equally at home this type of sculpture as his freestanding statues. He also make much use wood as well as marble and bronze. Donated characterized his figures as individuals and was also a major influence on the development of realism in Italian painting, Brutishnesss revival of classical forms and his championing of an architecture based on mathematics, proportion, and perspective make him a key artistic figure in the transition from the Middle Ages to the modern era. He was trained as a sculptor and goldsmith in a Florentine workshop. He spent overall years in Rome studying sculpture and measuring ancient buildings in Rome to understand the harmony of classical proportions in architecture. .u352acfa095aee416d631a9b009fdf9c1 , .u352acfa095aee416d631a9b009fdf9c1 .postImageUrl , .u352acfa095aee416d631a9b009fdf9c1 .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .u352acfa095aee416d631a9b009fdf9c1 , .u352acfa095aee416d631a9b009fdf9c1:hover , .u352acfa095aee416d631a9b009fdf9c1:visited , .u352acfa095aee416d631a9b009fdf9c1:active { border:0!important; } .u352acfa095aee416d631a9b009fdf9c1 .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .u352acfa095aee416d631a9b009fdf9c1 { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .u352acfa095aee416d631a9b009fdf9c1:active , .u352acfa095aee416d631a9b009fdf9c1:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .u352acfa095aee416d631a9b009fdf9c1 .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .u352acfa095aee416d631a9b009fdf9c1 .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .u352acfa095aee416d631a9b009fdf9c1 .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .u352acfa095aee416d631a9b009fdf9c1 .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .u352acfa095aee416d631a9b009fdf9c1:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .u352acfa095aee416d631a9b009fdf9c1 .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .u352acfa095aee416d631a9b009fdf9c1 .u352acfa095aee416d631a9b009fdf9c1-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .u352acfa095aee416d631a9b009fdf9c1:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: Harlem Renaissance by Nathan Irvin Huggins EssayIn 1418 received the commission to execute the dome of the unfinished Gothic Cathedral of Florence the Doom. The dome, a great innovation both artistically and technically, consists of two octagonal vaults, one inside the other. Brucellosis made a design feature of the necessary eight ribs of the vault, carrying them over to the exterior of the dome, where they provide the framework for the domes decorative elements, which also include architectural relief, circular windows, and a beautifully proportioned cupola. This was the first time that a dome created the same strong effect on the exterior as it did on the interior. In other buildings: the Medici Church of San Lorenz, and the Esplanade dogleg Innocent; Brucellosis devised an austere, geometric style that was inspired by the art of ancient Rome. It was completely different from the emotional, elaborate Gothic style that was still popular in his time. Brutishnesss style emphasized mathematical rigor in its use of straight lines, flat planes, and cubic spaces. This wall architecture, with its flat facades, set the tone for many of the later buildings of the Florentine Renaissance. Later in his career he moved away from this linear, geometric style to a somewhat more sculptural style. For example, the interior of one of his buildings was formed not by his usual flat walls, but by massive niches that opened from a central octagon. Baroque. His influence on his contemporaries and immediate followers was very strong and has been felt even in the 20th century, when modern architects came to revere him as the first great exponent of rational architecture.