Great Expectations Book Review

E-Mail Privacy Rights In Business Essays - , Term Papers

Email Privacy Rights In Business Email Privacy Rights In Business Email Privacy Rights in Business I. Dynamic How far we have come in such a little league. At the point when you feel that the PC was developed in the mid 1980's and before the millennium's over, a few families have two PC's, it is an amazing development rate. What's more, when you think about business, I can check out the workplace and see that a great deal of the desk areas contain more than one PC. It is amazing to me that such a thing has assumed responsibility for the data innovation field like PCs. Consider, in any case, the things that accompany PCs: printers; modems; phone lines for your modem; scanners; the product; online access; and lets not overlook, email addresses. Email, or electronic informing, has assumed control over the interchanges world as the favored strategy for trading data. From the straightforward, we should eat messages, to the capacity to send a business partner anyplace on the planet an email with an appended record that contains 150 megabytes of data, email is rapidly supplanting the phone, the U.S. post-office, and even for the time being conveyance benefits as essential technique for trading significant information. With the capacity to make and send right now data, the innovation has far outpaced the instruction of how to utilize this marvels, the effects of this innovation on society, and how to keep this technique for correspondence from developing itself out of presence. Think about the accompanying numbers: ? There were around 23 million email clients in 1994 ? There will be around 74 millions email clients in the year 2000 ? Representatives sent roughly 263 billion email messages in 1994 ? Representatives will send roughly 4 trillion email message in the year 2000 ? A recent report by MacWorld magazine found that 22% of businesses have occupied with searches of manager PC documents, voice message, electronic mail, or other system interchanges ? The quantity of individuals subject to electronic reconnaissance at work has expanded from roughly 8 million out of 1990 to in excess of 20 million out of 1996. ? About 60% of organizations that screen email or other representative interchanges hide doing as such. ? Under 20% of organizations have a composed strategy on electronic checking. One of the significant regions influenced by this new innovation is corporate America. In addition to the fact that it is battling with how to stay up with the developing requirement for quick and proficient email, yet in addition the threats related with it. Among these risks is protection, specifically, what lawful rights organizations and workers have in keeping their interchanges hidden. This paper will present the present enactment here, the desire for protection a representative ought to have, any court choices that give extra decision, and what an enterprise can do to forestall prosecution in these issues. II. Workers Expectation of Privacy in email As an email frameworks supervisor, I was under the feeling that since the organization possesses the electronic informing framework, the organization could see the substance of any representatives email account whenever. I was just somewhat right. The clarification of the present law will depict this in detail, in any case, the representative has a specific right to protection where email is concerned. Seemingly, an organization's most important resource is it's information. In the time of mechanical wonders, it is simpler to make progressively important information and, then again, that information is all the more effectively retrievable, particularly by people not approved to acquire the information. Representatives of organizations can anticipate a specific right of protection allowed by three primary sources: (1) The United States Constitution; (2) Federal Statutes (The Electronic Communications Privacy Act of 1986); and (3) State Statutes (a significant number of which have not tended to the issue). The United States Constitution furnishes a restricted gathering of workers with protection shields. The shields depend on ensures in the United States Constitution's Fourth amendment and comparable state constitutions. Courts have maintained that the Fourth Amendment's security against preposterous hunt and seizures applies to work environment intrusions of protection. Notwithstanding, this Constitutional insurance is restricted to administrative interruptions. Thus, it doesn't have any significant bearing to private managers, except if a worker effectively shows state activity. In Schowengerdt v. General Dynamics Corporation [823 F.2d 1328, 1332 n.3 (ninth Cir. 1987).] Schowengerdt held that the representative had

Writing a Paper Online - Tips to Make Writing a Paper Online a Fun Experience

Writing a Paper Online - Tips to Make Writing a Paper Online a Fun ExperienceWriting a paper online is becoming very popular these days. You can easily find several sites where you can create and upload your papers, as well as obtaining the necessary assignments. There are many people who don't like the traditional paper, so writing them on the Internet has become a good alternative. Here are some tips that will help you write a paper online successfully.The most interesting aspect of this kind of writing is that it is very customizable. You can choose your topic, the format, and the vocabulary to use. This is what makes it unique. You can customize each and every sentence. Most online writing sites have guides on how to complete the task. You can download a free writing guide.If you do not want to create all your papers online, you can submit a PDF of your completed projects to various sites that offer submission of documents online. You need to pay for the submission of your projec t. The fee is charged depending on the number of pages, and the length of the project.A simple paper can be created from a longer document. You can either submit the PDF with the paper through e-mail, or through FTP or SFTP, the usual ways of uploading your documents. The submission of your project via these forms of media is free.When you submit your project, you need to ensure that the submission is in PDF file format. There are many online writing sites that offer such services. They also provide PDF documents that you can use to create your papers online.If you are able to write a nice looking paper, you might even get noticed by the editor of the website. This means that you will have the chance to present your writing in front of more people. This will allow you to reach an audience that is hard to reach.For this you should be able to submit your papers through this method of writing. A simple form that is provided online allows you to set up your first paper with any informat ion you would like to include.Writing a paper online can be a lot of fun. You just need to pick the topic, get it written and post it on the websites that specialize in this. This way you can get your ideas out and hear your opinions in the public.

Track vs.Tract How to Use the Right Word

The words track and tract are  near homophones: They sound similar but have different meanings. The only difference in pronunciation is that tract includes the t sound at the very end. Track can be either a noun or a verb, whereas tract is a noun with several different meanings. Both are common in spoken and written English, so its important to understand how to correctly use each. How to Use Track The word track can be used as a noun or a verb, and the meaning changes radically, depending on its usage. As a noun, track means a literal or figurative path, route, or course. A common use of the word track relates to a running track; a related use of the word is in the expression track and field, meaning athletic endeavors related to running, jumping, shot put, and discus throwing. The noun track also refers to a mark left on the floor or ground by a person, animal, or vehicle.   As a verb, track means to travel, pursue, or follow: One can track an animal by following its tracks. One can also track information or keep track of events, finances, or the movements of people, animals, or vehicles. How to Use Tract The noun tract has a number of distinct meanings. A tract can be an expanse of land or water, a housing development, or a pamphlet containing a declaration, appeal, or religious message. The word tract also refers to certain systems of organs and tissues in the body: the digestive tract, the intestinal tract, the respiratory tract, and the urinary tract. Examples The following examples represent the use of the word track in all of its meanings. In the first sentence, the word is used as a noun and means a path or route. In the second, the word is used as a noun meaning to pursue or follow, and in the third, track is used as a noun meaning the marks left by an animal. The volunteers cleared the track through the woods, making it safe for hikers.The police tracked the car and found that it had been stolen.Roger found a coyote track in the backyard and kept his dog safely inside. The examples below use the word tract in its various meanings. In the first sentence, tract is used to mean a system of organs and tissues. In the second sentence, a tract is a political declaration. In the third sentence, it refers to a large expanse of land. The diver reached between the jaws of the shark to dislodge a grappling hook that was stuck in the animals digestive tract.In 1774, Thomas Jefferson  wrote his first tract  on politics, a set of instructions for the Virginia delegates to the First Continental Congress.The large tracts of land available for development were once farmers fields. How to Remember the Difference The word track is much more commonly used than tract, and it is generally used to either describe a running track or the process of tracking a person or animals. The expression keep track of is also very common and is usually used when discussing either information management, as in Im trying to keep track of all these invoices, or management of children or animals, as in Its hard to keep track of my kids many activities. The word tract is more often used in legal documents regarding purchase or sale of land, in religious contexts (a religious tract), or in medical settings (a blocked digestive tract). It is rarely used in casual conversation. Sources Track vs Tract.  Grammarist.Tract.  Merriam-Webster, Merriam-Webster.

Essay on Analysis of the Women in The Picture of Dorian Gray

Analysis of the Women in The Picture of Dorian Gray Sibyl falls head over heels in love with Dorian Gray, willing to commit her life to him after only two weeks. Lady Henry hardly knows her husband, to whom she has been married for some time. Because neither woman is in a stable and comfortable situation, both eventually take drastic measures to move on. Therefore, in The Picture of Dorian Gray, both Sibyl Vane and Lady Henry are weak, flighty, and naive. The weakness of women is found in various forms throughout the text. Henry refers to women as â€Å"a decorative sex† and that â€Å"they never have anything to say, but they say it charmingly.† (Wilde 43) Nowhere is this better supported than during Lady Henry’s†¦show more content†¦Dorian Gray falls in love with a young girl named Sibyl Vane, who he describes as being â€Å"hardly seventeen years of age, with a little flower-like face, a small Greek head with plaited coils of dark brown hair, [and] eyes that were violet wells of passion.† (4 6) He does not continue on to describe her personality, just more about her features, her voice, and her acting. He gets to a point at the end of his description where he proclaims, â€Å"She is everything to me in life.† (47) Everything to Dorian must have been nothing because Sibyl plays her role well. Whatever it may be that has caused her to be flighty and naive, be it poverty, immaturity, or ignorance, that was who she was. Young Sibyl in her innocent passion, believes that Dorian â€Å"look[s] more like a prince.† (49) Rather than call him by his real name, she declares, â€Å"I must call you Prince Charming.† (49) She based this characterization on his looks, not on his being prince-like. There is no mention of him sweeping her off of her feet and rescuing her from her horrid life, until after she dubs this name upon him. Prince Charming was supposed to have been the fairy tale character who rescues princesses. Sibyl likens herself to a princess in need of the services of a young prince. Therefore, she lives the life of a child, uneducated and not too bright. The young girl speaks of Dorian to her family like he is her savior with whom she has fallen madly in love. She isShow MoreRelatedThe Balance of Dorian Grays Structure of Personality in Oscar Wildes Novel the Picture of Dorian Gray: a Study of Psychoanalysis3447 Words   |  14 PagesTHE BALANCE OF DORIAN GRAY’S STRUCTURE OF PERSONALITY IN OSCAR WILDE’S NOVEL THE PICTURE OF DORIAN GRAY: A STUDY OF PSYCHOANALYSIS Background of the study Human lives with their desire though some of their desire are failed to deliver because of the norms border. As a human, we live in a community and it is impossible to do as we please. Norms play the role as law where it limits our behavior and make the standard law points about what we can do or what we cannot do. This law usually opposesRead MoreThe English Renaissance675 Words   |  3 Pagesit combated Victorian exclusivity and embraced expression. A major direct impact of the aesthetic movement was spurred feminism. People invested in more elaborate and bold furnishings for their lives and homes, and boundaries were expanded to give women more freedom, causing them to have a lesser presence of constriction and more of activity and frivolity (Brookes). This breaking of Victorian control through the aesthetic movement made way for the notion of personal fulfillment as a viable-directedRead MoreMy Academic Interest On Gender And Kinship Studies963 Words   |  4 Pagesin our hist ory. I was fascinated by Simone de Beauvoir in her The Second Sex, both by her insightful existential analysis of women’s situation and the interdisciplinary approach which she takes. She approaches gender from manifold perspectives including the biological, the psychoanalytic, the historical, the literary and the anthropological, leading to a powerful revelation of how women are socially constructed and how the myth of the â€Å"Eternal Feminine† is perpetuated. Progressively, my curiosityRead MoreHumor And Humour Of The Picture Of Dorian Gray1368 Words   |  6 Pagesand women were expected to be serious rather than frivolous about all issues. Some ancient scholars went to the extent to argue that humour could lead to sarcasm, disrespect, vulgar or volatile discourse and finally anger, resentment and even murder. Despite this, there is some interesting anecdotal evidence that humour was used as a means to express wit and learning. Consider French writer Voltaire or even in relatively modem times Oscar Wilde and his extremely witty characters in The Picture ofRead More Escape from Industrialization in Wells The Time Machine Essay3499 Words   |  14 PagesMorlocks, whom he encounters in his travels.   Related to this theme of escape is the concept of progress not universally yielding good.   The Time Machine speaks to the powerful late Victorian themes of escape and progress, painting a frightening picture of the dystopia that could result from the Victorians ruthless exploitation of the working class during industrialization.   Beginning before the reign of Queen Victoria and continuing to a lesser degree after her death, rapid industrializationRead MoreAnalysis Of Chinua Achebe s An Image Of Africa 2459 Words   |  10 Pagesinadvertently just described an intangible â€Å"idea† in support of imperialism that is itself what Kurtz actually embodied for the Africans. This brings to mind another of Achebe’s criticisms of Conrad: in Heart of Darkness â€Å"Africa is to Europe as the picture is to Dorian Gray†, a place where â€Å"physical and moral deformities are unloaded† and that â€Å"the prowling horror in his [Kurtz’s] heart would have been kept in its place† had he never ventured there (Achebe, 792). On the contrary, Conrad makes clear that Kurtz’sRead MoreRhetorical Devices3007 Words   |  13 Pagesis part of classical rhetoric and a number of rhetorical devices are worth considering in any analysis of style. For the analysis of literature a knowled ge of rhetorical devices is indispensable, since there is often a considerable density of rhetorical figures and tropes which are important generators and qualifiers of meaning and effect. This is particularly the case in poetry. Especially the analysis of the use of imagery is important for any kind of literary text. (For further details see AnalysingRead MoreEssay on The Gothic Genre and What it Entails6177 Words   |  25 Pagesshared the same motifs. The best Gothic texts are not necessarily subversive but do all address some form of socio-political division. There is a cogent body of criticism claiming Frankenstein as a radical text and an equally cogent analysis that posits it in a conservative pigeonhole, especially plausible considering Mrs Shelleys eventual distaste for nineteenth century radicalism. Davenport-Hines quotes her as writing, I have no wish to ally myself to the radical - theyRead MoreA Streetcar Named Desire: the Importance of Being Earnest9437 Words   |  38 Pagesinverts the clichà © about marriages being â€Å"made in heaven.† Similarly, at the end of the play, when Jack calls it â€Å"a terrible thing† for a man to discover that he’s been telling the truth all his life, he inverts conventional morality. Most of the women in the play represent an inversion of accepted Victorian practices with regard to gender roles. Lady Bracknell usurps the role of the father in interviewing Jack, since typically this was a father’s task, and Gwendolen and Cecily take charge of their

Christian Call period 3 Essay Example For Students

Christian Call period 3 Essay Mr. Ellis1. Carl Rogers says that we all have the same problems, just different symptoms. Whatever the symptoms are the problems the same, according to Rogers. We do not understand, accept and love others. This problem may squirt out in one symptom or another, but the problem remains radically the same. We do not offer ourselves understanding acceptance and love. And so Rogers suggest that instead of focusing on the symptoms, we must simply accept people wherever they are. What we have to be saying to other is in our lives is this: I accept you. I understand you. I care about you. If we can extend acceptance like this to one another, we will individually grow in self- understanding and self- acceptance. 2. Well when I was like 4 years old I found out that I had a hip disease. My parents were young when they had me so I dont know if they were handling everything ok. They got a divorce just after my second surgery. I had a pin though my leg, and I was in traction for six weeks with weights on the end of this pully system that was supposed to lengthen my leg and help the femer head to reshape. Well that worked out for a while till the hole form the pin got an infection and I had to get surgery for a third time, I had to get it drained, so I was out for another month. It was real hard though because my parents separated, and so that didnt make anything better. I was not supposed to be able to walk. I was able to walk within like a couple of weeks. I was finally ok, I think that God helped me out. Then a few years later my mom noticed me limping, I wasnt hurting or anything, it was a natural limp that I had gotten over time from my hip having the disease in it. As time went on I played b aseball and football. Football made it worse, by the end of the season I had no cartlage in my socket of my hip. It was bone on bone. Two years later I went into the dr. because I was in a lot of pain, the doc took an x-ray and noticed that I had almost a two inch difference in my legs my right one was longer. So over the last summer I had major reconstructive hip surgery and now I have 5 screws and a plate to hold my hip together. God has really helped me out in my life though, I mean before surgery I took walking for granted and never thought that I wasnt going to be able to walk, for about the first 3 months post surgery I thought that I was never gonna get better because I was in constant pain all the time. One day I woke up and I was just fine my leg didnt hurt or anything, I think that God healed me because I had faith in him that I would get better, it wasnt apparent at first, but I did turn to him and asked him for help. 3. Some of the many questions of my life right now are what am I going to do when I get out of high school. What do I want to be after I get out of collage. Some others are, are you going to get another job that pays more so you can pay for your car, gas and insurance. Are you going to wrestle or play any sports. Some of these I have the answer to, and some of them I dont have the answer to, like for example, when I get out of collage I want to install stereo stuff, or I want to create movie effects, like monsters and stuff like that, like Tom Savini, he is a really good make-up artist and I have read some of his books, it seems really interesting. Right now I have a job, but it isnt really paying to much so I have to work more hours and that is kind of interfering with some of my school work, so to answer another question what sport am I playing, well I need to sacrifice wrestling this year so I can work and do better in school. I want to wrestle but also my hip wont be totally heal ed up by the start of the season so that plays another role, I need to keep my mind on the important goals, school and work. Some times I get really frustrated with things going on around me and I think that I take a lot of things for granted, I mean I go to an excellent school, I have a lot of friends I have a girlfriend, I have a nice car, and I have a place to live, so I guess that when things arent going my way its ok, I just need to go with the flow. And if I lose everything I have life and God to lean on.

The Role Of Nick Carraway As Narrator In The Great Gatsby Essays

The Role of Nick Carraway As Narrator in The Great Gatsby The novel "The Great Gatsby" can be best described as a narration of a series of events as viewed through the eyes of an important central figure (Nick Carraway) around which a story takes form. A general lack of importance associated with the part a narrator is a generalized notion deduced from the analysis of most novels. However, a reevaluation of the narrative process played by Nick Carraway is in place when it comes to the novel, "The Great Gatsby" as such a concept holds little truth within the domains of such work of literature. The process of portraying virtually all physical and emotional actions and the inferred establishment of a moral norm are two of the main perspectives achieved through the author's usage of narration through Nick. His vital role is the flow of the novel is hence an indication as to his importance as a character in general. This vital role can be first of all seen in the primary role of Nick as a narrator. Physical and emotional actions/reactions of characters within a story relates a great deal to individualistic personality which in turn helps the author generate his/her idea of a certain person/group of people within the mind of the reader. Such a function is undertaken by Nick who is endowed with a keen sense of observation which he uses to reveal the nature of each character. Through Nick, the reader is able to sense the shallow emotional depth Tom Buchanan is capable of experiencing and his apparent harshness of attitude towards others. The brutality of Tom towards his mistress, Myrtle Wilson, as described by Nick (page 37, line 5 - below) is highly demonstrative of this fact. In comparison, we see Gatsby, on the other hand as generally being a physically an emotionally reserved person (but not when it comes to Daisy). His general hospitality and mysteriousness as described by Nick creates an air of splendour and establishes him as a source of profound curiosity in the minds of others. In their own way, other characters are exposed to the reader as well when Nick comes into contact with them. He is thus seen to play a vital role in portraying the emotional disposition underlining each character through their physical involvement in the novel. It should be noted that unlike most other narrative description of events, Nick's role in "The Great Gatsby" extends even further into the lives of each of the other characters. The moral standard by which all other persons are uniquely judged is created through the establishment of a central view point of single narrative character in the novel. The word "unique" is used to describe the form of evaluation Nick partakes in due to his total absence of any form of critical analysis. This lack of personal judgement is seen to manifest itself in the mind of the narrator from the very beginning of Nick's youth through the words of his father. Nick's realization of the equality of man altered through his origin sets him up as a morally sound standard by which all other characters can be measured. It is this personality trait of his which leads him into relationships with people with a great array of morally sound/deficient values. Jordan Baker is described by the author as a woman with an "incurably dishonest" personality. Yet Nick accepts her into the emotional side of his life; proving his firm belief in the concept of being morally reserved in judgement. As described by the author, Nick is not blind to the heartlessness of the Buchanan family and it is only through a crisis that Nick sees how far his limits have actually been surpassed. His acceptance of such people through the course of the novel allows the reader to observe a contrast between these characters of society. Their moral values are exposed for the reader through this and we are hence allowed a greater insight into what the true nature of the character really is. Nick thus plays an important function in portraying the deviation of each person in the novel as related the moral standard the Eastern society which the author uses as the norm. It is through such an analysis that the true importance of the narrator in the novel is realized. Through physical and emotional observations through Nick, we are allowed a general feel of each character. A greater depth is added to each personality as the reader distinguishes between the moral standard Nick holds and the

Buddhism and the three kingdoms essays

Buddhism and the three kingdoms essays Early Korean settlements developed south of the Han River relatively isolated from the Asian continent. Because of this, the early Korean people were able to develop independently without early involvement with events on the continent, at least for the earlier periods of Korean development. Around the middle of the third century A.D., the Chinese began to become a serious threat which became a powerful force in unify much of the tribes in the southern part of Korea. Using the Chinese form of the Centralized Government, the tribes began merging into kingdoms. The tribes in the southwest were the first to unite, calling the newly formed kingdom, Paekche. It was believed to have been created during the mid-third century A.D., after the attack from Koguryo became North-East Asia's strongest nation. However, Koguryo's rapid expansion brought it into conflict with China during the Sui Dynasty in the North, and Silla in the south. Though Koguryo had managed to fend off the Sui Dynasty, the combined forces of Silla and the Tang Dynasty of China eventually destroyed Koguryo. Koguryo's ally, Paekche, fell to Silla and the Tang Dynasty in 660 A.D. Silla and the Tang Dynasty then attacked Koguryo for eight years who eventually fell. Silla, which was established in 57 BC, was constantly being invaded by the larger more powerful neighbor to the north and west over a period of 1000 years. Around 540 AD King Chin-Hung called together the youth and patriots to form a military organization known as the Hawarang-Do. The Hawarang-Do was responsible for transforming and intensifying Sillas common method of foot fighting and added hand techniques which included a blend of hard and soft as well as linear and circular techniques calling this fighting art Tae-Kyon. The Hawarang-Do was a very unusual organization, for not only did the study the art of fighting, but also the arts of music and poetry as well, seeking always to unify body and spiri...

John F. Kennedy and PT-109 in WWII

John F. Kennedy and PT-109 in WWII PT-109 was an 80-ft. patrol torpedo boat used by the US Navy during World War II. Commanded by Lt. John F. Kennedy, it was sunk by the destroyer Amagiri on August 2, 1943.   After the loss of PT-109, Kennedy went to great lengths to have his crew rescued. Nation: United StatesType: Patrol Torpedo BoatShipyard: Elco - Bayonne, NJLaid Down: March 4, 1942Launched: June 20, 1942Fate: Sunk August 2, 1943 Specifications Displacement: 56 tonsLength: 80 ft.Beam: 20 ft. 8 in.Draft: 3 ft. 6 in.Speed: 41 knotsComplement: 12-14 men Armament 4 x 21 torpedo tubes ( 4 x Mark VIII torpedoes)4 x .50 cal. machines guns1 x 20 mm cannon1 x 37 mm cannon Design Construction PT-109 was laid down on March 4, 1942, in Bayonne, NJ. Built by the Electric Launch Company (Elco), the boat was the seventh vessel in the 80-ft. PT-103-class. Launched on June 20, it was delivered to the US Navy the following month and fitted out at the Brooklyn Navy Yard. Possessing a wooden hull constructed of two layers of mahogany planking, PT-109 could achieve speeds of 41 knots and was powered by three 1,500 hp Packard engines. Driven by three propellers, PT-109 mounted a series of mufflers on the transom to reduce engine noise and allow the crew to detect enemy aircraft. Typically manned by a crew of 12 to 14, PT-109s main armament consisted of four 21-inch torpedo tubes which utilized Mark VIII torpedoes. Fitted two to a side, these were swung outboard before firing. In addition, PT boats of this class possessed a 20 mm Oerlikon cannon aft for use against enemy aircraft as well as two swivel mounts with twin .50-cal. machine guns near the cockpit. Completing the vessels armament were two Mark VI depth charges which were placed forward of the torpedo tubes. After work was complete in Brooklyn, PT-109 was dispatched to Motor Torpedo Boat (MTB) Squadron 5 in Panama. Operational History Arriving in September 1942, PT-109s service in Panama proved brief as it was ordered to join MTB 2 in the Solomon Islands a month later. Embarked aboard a cargo ship, it arrived at Tulagi Harbor in late November. Joining Commander Allen P. Calverts MTB Flotilla 1, PT-109 began operating from the base at Sesapi and conducted missions intended to intercept the ships of the Tokyo Express, which were delivering Japanese reinforcements during the Battle of Guadalcanal. Commanded by Lieutenant Rollins E. Westholm, PT-109 first saw combat on the night of December 7-8. Attacking a group of eight Japanese destroyers, PT-109 and seven other PT boats succeeded in forcing the enemy to withdraw. Over the next several weeks, PT-109 took part in similar operations in the region as well as conducted attacks against Japanese shore targets. During such an attack on January 15, the boat came under fire from enemy shore batteries and was holed three times. On the night of February 1-2, PT-109 took part in a large engagement involving 20 Japanese destroyers as the enemy worked to evacuate forces from Guadalcanal. With the victory on Guadalcanal, Allied forces began the invasion of the Russell Islands in late February. During these operations, PT-109 aided in escorting transports and provided security offshore. Amid the fighting in early 1943, Westholm became the flotilla operations officer and left Ensign Bryant L. Larson in command of PT-109. Larsons tenure was brief and he left the boat on April 20. Four days later, Lieutenant (junior grade) John F. Kennedy was assigned to command PT-109. The son of prominent politician and businessman Joseph P. Kennedy, he arrived from MTB 14 in Panama. Under Kennedy Through the next two months, PT-109 conducted operations in the Russell Islands in support of the men ashore. On June 16, the boat, along with several others, moved to an advanced base on Rendova Island. This new base became a target of enemy aircraft and  on August 1, 18 bombers struck. The raid sunk two PT boats and disrupted operations. Despite the attack, a force of fifteen PT boats was assembled in response to intelligence that five Japanese destroyers would be conducting a run from Bougainville to Vila, Kolombangara Island that night. Prior to departing, Kennedy ordered a 37 mm gun field mounted on the boat. Deploying in four sections, PT-159 was the first to make contact with the enemy and attacked in concert with PT-157. Expending their torpedoes, the two boats withdrew. Elsewhere, Kennedy patrolled without incident until spotting firing along the south shore of Kolombangara. Rendezvousing with PT-162 and PT-169, he soon received orders to maintain their normal patrol. Due east of Ghizo Island, PT-109 turned south and led the three-boat formation. Moving through the Blackett Straits, the three PT boats were spotted by the Japanese destroyer Amagiri. Turning to intercept, Lieutenant Commander Kohei Hanami bore down on the American boats at high speed. Spotting the Japanese destroyer at about 200-300 yards, Kennedy attempted to turn to starboard preparatory to firing torpedoes. Too slow, PT-109 was rammed and cut in half by Amagiri. Though the destroyer suffered minor damage, it safely returned to Rabaul, New Britain the following morning while the surviving PT boats fled the scene. Thrown into the water, two of PT-109s crew were killed in the collision. As the forward half of the boat remained afloat, the survivors clung to it until daylight. Rescue Aware that the forward section would soon sink, Kennedy had a float fashioned using a timber from the 37 mm gun mount. Placing badly burned Machinists Mate 1/c Patrick MacMahon and two non-swimmers aboard the float, the survivors succeeded in evading Japanese patrols and landed on uninhabited Plum Pudding Island. Over the next two nights, Kennedy and Ensign George Ross unsuccessfully attempted to signal patrolling PT boats with a salvaged battle lantern. With their provisions exhausted, Kennedy moved the survivors to nearby Olasana Island which possessed coconuts and water. Seeking additional food, Kennedy and Ross swam to Cross Island where they found some food and a small canoe. Using the canoe, Kennedy came into contact with two local islanders but was unable to get their attention. These proved to be Biuku Gasa and Eroni Kumana, who had been dispatched by Sub Lieutenant Arthur Reginald Evans, an Australian coastwatcher on Kolombangara, who had seen PT-109 explode after the collision with Amagiri. On the night of August 5, Kennedy took the canoe into the Ferguson Passage to try to contact a passing PT boat. Unsuccessful, he returned to find Gasa and Kumana meeting with the survivors. After convincing the two men that they were friendly, Kennedy gave them two messages, one written on a coconut husk, to take to the coastwatchers at Wana Wana. The next day, eight islanders returned with instructions to take Kennedy to Wana Wana. After leaving supplies for the survivors, they transported Kennedy to Wana Wana where he made contact with PT-157 in the Ferguson Passage. Returning to Olasana that evening, Kennedys crew was ferried to the PT boat and transported to Rendova. For his efforts to rescue his men, Kennedy was awarded the Navy and Marine Corps Medal. With Kennedys political ascent after the war, the story of PT-109 became well known and was the subject of a feature film in 1963. When asked how he became a war hero, Kennedy replied, It was involuntary. They sank my boat. The wreck of PT-109 was discovered in May 2002 by noted underwater archaeologist and oceanographer Dr. Robert Ballard.

John F. Kennedy and PT-109 in WWII

John F. Kennedy and PT-109 in WWII PT-109 was an 80-ft. patrol torpedo boat used by the US Navy during World War II. Commanded by Lt. John F. Kennedy, it was sunk by the destroyer Amagiri on August 2, 1943.   After the loss of PT-109, Kennedy went to great lengths to have his crew rescued. Nation: United StatesType: Patrol Torpedo BoatShipyard: Elco - Bayonne, NJLaid Down: March 4, 1942Launched: June 20, 1942Fate: Sunk August 2, 1943 Specifications Displacement: 56 tonsLength: 80 ft.Beam: 20 ft. 8 in.Draft: 3 ft. 6 in.Speed: 41 knotsComplement: 12-14 men Armament 4 x 21 torpedo tubes ( 4 x Mark VIII torpedoes)4 x .50 cal. machines guns1 x 20 mm cannon1 x 37 mm cannon Design Construction PT-109 was laid down on March 4, 1942, in Bayonne, NJ. Built by the Electric Launch Company (Elco), the boat was the seventh vessel in the 80-ft. PT-103-class. Launched on June 20, it was delivered to the US Navy the following month and fitted out at the Brooklyn Navy Yard. Possessing a wooden hull constructed of two layers of mahogany planking, PT-109 could achieve speeds of 41 knots and was powered by three 1,500 hp Packard engines. Driven by three propellers, PT-109 mounted a series of mufflers on the transom to reduce engine noise and allow the crew to detect enemy aircraft. Typically manned by a crew of 12 to 14, PT-109s main armament consisted of four 21-inch torpedo tubes which utilized Mark VIII torpedoes. Fitted two to a side, these were swung outboard before firing. In addition, PT boats of this class possessed a 20 mm Oerlikon cannon aft for use against enemy aircraft as well as two swivel mounts with twin .50-cal. machine guns near the cockpit. Completing the vessels armament were two Mark VI depth charges which were placed forward of the torpedo tubes. After work was complete in Brooklyn, PT-109 was dispatched to Motor Torpedo Boat (MTB) Squadron 5 in Panama. Operational History Arriving in September 1942, PT-109s service in Panama proved brief as it was ordered to join MTB 2 in the Solomon Islands a month later. Embarked aboard a cargo ship, it arrived at Tulagi Harbor in late November. Joining Commander Allen P. Calverts MTB Flotilla 1, PT-109 began operating from the base at Sesapi and conducted missions intended to intercept the ships of the Tokyo Express, which were delivering Japanese reinforcements during the Battle of Guadalcanal. Commanded by Lieutenant Rollins E. Westholm, PT-109 first saw combat on the night of December 7-8. Attacking a group of eight Japanese destroyers, PT-109 and seven other PT boats succeeded in forcing the enemy to withdraw. Over the next several weeks, PT-109 took part in similar operations in the region as well as conducted attacks against Japanese shore targets. During such an attack on January 15, the boat came under fire from enemy shore batteries and was holed three times. On the night of February 1-2, PT-109 took part in a large engagement involving 20 Japanese destroyers as the enemy worked to evacuate forces from Guadalcanal. With the victory on Guadalcanal, Allied forces began the invasion of the Russell Islands in late February. During these operations, PT-109 aided in escorting transports and provided security offshore. Amid the fighting in early 1943, Westholm became the flotilla operations officer and left Ensign Bryant L. Larson in command of PT-109. Larsons tenure was brief and he left the boat on April 20. Four days later, Lieutenant (junior grade) John F. Kennedy was assigned to command PT-109. The son of prominent politician and businessman Joseph P. Kennedy, he arrived from MTB 14 in Panama. Under Kennedy Through the next two months, PT-109 conducted operations in the Russell Islands in support of the men ashore. On June 16, the boat, along with several others, moved to an advanced base on Rendova Island. This new base became a target of enemy aircraft and  on August 1, 18 bombers struck. The raid sunk two PT boats and disrupted operations. Despite the attack, a force of fifteen PT boats was assembled in response to intelligence that five Japanese destroyers would be conducting a run from Bougainville to Vila, Kolombangara Island that night. Prior to departing, Kennedy ordered a 37 mm gun field mounted on the boat. Deploying in four sections, PT-159 was the first to make contact with the enemy and attacked in concert with PT-157. Expending their torpedoes, the two boats withdrew. Elsewhere, Kennedy patrolled without incident until spotting firing along the south shore of Kolombangara. Rendezvousing with PT-162 and PT-169, he soon received orders to maintain their normal patrol. Due east of Ghizo Island, PT-109 turned south and led the three-boat formation. Moving through the Blackett Straits, the three PT boats were spotted by the Japanese destroyer Amagiri. Turning to intercept, Lieutenant Commander Kohei Hanami bore down on the American boats at high speed. Spotting the Japanese destroyer at about 200-300 yards, Kennedy attempted to turn to starboard preparatory to firing torpedoes. Too slow, PT-109 was rammed and cut in half by Amagiri. Though the destroyer suffered minor damage, it safely returned to Rabaul, New Britain the following morning while the surviving PT boats fled the scene. Thrown into the water, two of PT-109s crew were killed in the collision. As the forward half of the boat remained afloat, the survivors clung to it until daylight. Rescue Aware that the forward section would soon sink, Kennedy had a float fashioned using a timber from the 37 mm gun mount. Placing badly burned Machinists Mate 1/c Patrick MacMahon and two non-swimmers aboard the float, the survivors succeeded in evading Japanese patrols and landed on uninhabited Plum Pudding Island. Over the next two nights, Kennedy and Ensign George Ross unsuccessfully attempted to signal patrolling PT boats with a salvaged battle lantern. With their provisions exhausted, Kennedy moved the survivors to nearby Olasana Island which possessed coconuts and water. Seeking additional food, Kennedy and Ross swam to Cross Island where they found some food and a small canoe. Using the canoe, Kennedy came into contact with two local islanders but was unable to get their attention. These proved to be Biuku Gasa and Eroni Kumana, who had been dispatched by Sub Lieutenant Arthur Reginald Evans, an Australian coastwatcher on Kolombangara, who had seen PT-109 explode after the collision with Amagiri. On the night of August 5, Kennedy took the canoe into the Ferguson Passage to try to contact a passing PT boat. Unsuccessful, he returned to find Gasa and Kumana meeting with the survivors. After convincing the two men that they were friendly, Kennedy gave them two messages, one written on a coconut husk, to take to the coastwatchers at Wana Wana. The next day, eight islanders returned with instructions to take Kennedy to Wana Wana. After leaving supplies for the survivors, they transported Kennedy to Wana Wana where he made contact with PT-157 in the Ferguson Passage. Returning to Olasana that evening, Kennedys crew was ferried to the PT boat and transported to Rendova. For his efforts to rescue his men, Kennedy was awarded the Navy and Marine Corps Medal. With Kennedys political ascent after the war, the story of PT-109 became well known and was the subject of a feature film in 1963. When asked how he became a war hero, Kennedy replied, It was involuntary. They sank my boat. The wreck of PT-109 was discovered in May 2002 by noted underwater archaeologist and oceanographer Dr. Robert Ballard.

John F. Kennedy and PT-109 in WWII

John F. Kennedy and PT-109 in WWII PT-109 was an 80-ft. patrol torpedo boat used by the US Navy during World War II. Commanded by Lt. John F. Kennedy, it was sunk by the destroyer Amagiri on August 2, 1943.   After the loss of PT-109, Kennedy went to great lengths to have his crew rescued. Nation: United StatesType: Patrol Torpedo BoatShipyard: Elco - Bayonne, NJLaid Down: March 4, 1942Launched: June 20, 1942Fate: Sunk August 2, 1943 Specifications Displacement: 56 tonsLength: 80 ft.Beam: 20 ft. 8 in.Draft: 3 ft. 6 in.Speed: 41 knotsComplement: 12-14 men Armament 4 x 21 torpedo tubes ( 4 x Mark VIII torpedoes)4 x .50 cal. machines guns1 x 20 mm cannon1 x 37 mm cannon Design Construction PT-109 was laid down on March 4, 1942, in Bayonne, NJ. Built by the Electric Launch Company (Elco), the boat was the seventh vessel in the 80-ft. PT-103-class. Launched on June 20, it was delivered to the US Navy the following month and fitted out at the Brooklyn Navy Yard. Possessing a wooden hull constructed of two layers of mahogany planking, PT-109 could achieve speeds of 41 knots and was powered by three 1,500 hp Packard engines. Driven by three propellers, PT-109 mounted a series of mufflers on the transom to reduce engine noise and allow the crew to detect enemy aircraft. Typically manned by a crew of 12 to 14, PT-109s main armament consisted of four 21-inch torpedo tubes which utilized Mark VIII torpedoes. Fitted two to a side, these were swung outboard before firing. In addition, PT boats of this class possessed a 20 mm Oerlikon cannon aft for use against enemy aircraft as well as two swivel mounts with twin .50-cal. machine guns near the cockpit. Completing the vessels armament were two Mark VI depth charges which were placed forward of the torpedo tubes. After work was complete in Brooklyn, PT-109 was dispatched to Motor Torpedo Boat (MTB) Squadron 5 in Panama. Operational History Arriving in September 1942, PT-109s service in Panama proved brief as it was ordered to join MTB 2 in the Solomon Islands a month later. Embarked aboard a cargo ship, it arrived at Tulagi Harbor in late November. Joining Commander Allen P. Calverts MTB Flotilla 1, PT-109 began operating from the base at Sesapi and conducted missions intended to intercept the ships of the Tokyo Express, which were delivering Japanese reinforcements during the Battle of Guadalcanal. Commanded by Lieutenant Rollins E. Westholm, PT-109 first saw combat on the night of December 7-8. Attacking a group of eight Japanese destroyers, PT-109 and seven other PT boats succeeded in forcing the enemy to withdraw. Over the next several weeks, PT-109 took part in similar operations in the region as well as conducted attacks against Japanese shore targets. During such an attack on January 15, the boat came under fire from enemy shore batteries and was holed three times. On the night of February 1-2, PT-109 took part in a large engagement involving 20 Japanese destroyers as the enemy worked to evacuate forces from Guadalcanal. With the victory on Guadalcanal, Allied forces began the invasion of the Russell Islands in late February. During these operations, PT-109 aided in escorting transports and provided security offshore. Amid the fighting in early 1943, Westholm became the flotilla operations officer and left Ensign Bryant L. Larson in command of PT-109. Larsons tenure was brief and he left the boat on April 20. Four days later, Lieutenant (junior grade) John F. Kennedy was assigned to command PT-109. The son of prominent politician and businessman Joseph P. Kennedy, he arrived from MTB 14 in Panama. Under Kennedy Through the next two months, PT-109 conducted operations in the Russell Islands in support of the men ashore. On June 16, the boat, along with several others, moved to an advanced base on Rendova Island. This new base became a target of enemy aircraft and  on August 1, 18 bombers struck. The raid sunk two PT boats and disrupted operations. Despite the attack, a force of fifteen PT boats was assembled in response to intelligence that five Japanese destroyers would be conducting a run from Bougainville to Vila, Kolombangara Island that night. Prior to departing, Kennedy ordered a 37 mm gun field mounted on the boat. Deploying in four sections, PT-159 was the first to make contact with the enemy and attacked in concert with PT-157. Expending their torpedoes, the two boats withdrew. Elsewhere, Kennedy patrolled without incident until spotting firing along the south shore of Kolombangara. Rendezvousing with PT-162 and PT-169, he soon received orders to maintain their normal patrol. Due east of Ghizo Island, PT-109 turned south and led the three-boat formation. Moving through the Blackett Straits, the three PT boats were spotted by the Japanese destroyer Amagiri. Turning to intercept, Lieutenant Commander Kohei Hanami bore down on the American boats at high speed. Spotting the Japanese destroyer at about 200-300 yards, Kennedy attempted to turn to starboard preparatory to firing torpedoes. Too slow, PT-109 was rammed and cut in half by Amagiri. Though the destroyer suffered minor damage, it safely returned to Rabaul, New Britain the following morning while the surviving PT boats fled the scene. Thrown into the water, two of PT-109s crew were killed in the collision. As the forward half of the boat remained afloat, the survivors clung to it until daylight. Rescue Aware that the forward section would soon sink, Kennedy had a float fashioned using a timber from the 37 mm gun mount. Placing badly burned Machinists Mate 1/c Patrick MacMahon and two non-swimmers aboard the float, the survivors succeeded in evading Japanese patrols and landed on uninhabited Plum Pudding Island. Over the next two nights, Kennedy and Ensign George Ross unsuccessfully attempted to signal patrolling PT boats with a salvaged battle lantern. With their provisions exhausted, Kennedy moved the survivors to nearby Olasana Island which possessed coconuts and water. Seeking additional food, Kennedy and Ross swam to Cross Island where they found some food and a small canoe. Using the canoe, Kennedy came into contact with two local islanders but was unable to get their attention. These proved to be Biuku Gasa and Eroni Kumana, who had been dispatched by Sub Lieutenant Arthur Reginald Evans, an Australian coastwatcher on Kolombangara, who had seen PT-109 explode after the collision with Amagiri. On the night of August 5, Kennedy took the canoe into the Ferguson Passage to try to contact a passing PT boat. Unsuccessful, he returned to find Gasa and Kumana meeting with the survivors. After convincing the two men that they were friendly, Kennedy gave them two messages, one written on a coconut husk, to take to the coastwatchers at Wana Wana. The next day, eight islanders returned with instructions to take Kennedy to Wana Wana. After leaving supplies for the survivors, they transported Kennedy to Wana Wana where he made contact with PT-157 in the Ferguson Passage. Returning to Olasana that evening, Kennedys crew was ferried to the PT boat and transported to Rendova. For his efforts to rescue his men, Kennedy was awarded the Navy and Marine Corps Medal. With Kennedys political ascent after the war, the story of PT-109 became well known and was the subject of a feature film in 1963. When asked how he became a war hero, Kennedy replied, It was involuntary. They sank my boat. The wreck of PT-109 was discovered in May 2002 by noted underwater archaeologist and oceanographer Dr. Robert Ballard.

Liberalism (liberties, human rights, and free trade) Research Paper

Liberalism (liberties, human rights, and free trade) - Research Paper Example Liberty of conscience and freedom of worship. Freedom of speech. Freedom to collaborate or not to collaborate. Individual freedom, guaranteed by the justice, law and administrative body. No gender discrimination. The opportunity to have the varied and full education irrespective of birth. Security from the unfavorable issues such as unemployment, old age, disability and sickness. Free choice of the consumers and to rap the opportunity of productivity of industry and soil. Civil and political rights can only be realized where the right of security and subsistence are recognized. Reorganizations The need to promote and protect the rights of religious, national and ethnic and linguistic minorities. Need to establish and practice a culture that overcomes the issue of discrimination among the people of several groups. Need to abolish the regulations and laws regarding the discrimination. Support and defend the activities of the individuals who have fought with the society in order to get personal freedom and fight for civil liberties and human rights. Free Trade The potential of the free trade is to bring strength and empower in the human being to increase the standard of live in the globe (Huntington, 1993). Free trade in the modern age generally entails the following. Free flow of staffs and employees. Deregulation and liberalization of the economy. End to private and state monopolies. Rule of law and property rights. Human creativity and private initiative of environment conducive. Currency wars and trade disputes. Inter communal violence, political instability, war and dictatorship. Corruption and weakness of government. The modern liberalism has highlighted that; the free trade must be controlled and guided by certain regulations and rules that are... Liberalism is a dominant political ideology. Liberalism is known as the response to the urbanization and industrial revolution in the 19th century. Liberalism was occurred in America and Europe. Classical liberalism was constructed on the basis of the ideas in the 18th century. Liberties, human rights and free trade are the three major aspects of liberalism. In order to discuss every single aspect of the modern liberalism, it is necessary to highlight theme resolution of free trade and human rights. Human rights and Free trade theme was constructed in the year 2011 by the manila Congress that discusses the integrity of the system of free trade and human rights. Human rights are the fundamental and universal rights that determine the virtue of humanity of the human beings. This right has not constructed on the basis of nationality, religion, culture, race, citizenship, social class, ethnicity, gender and sexual orientation. Human rights and the policies related to the welfare of human being and society need to be exist in every community. This process will help the globe to bring the equality among the several groups of individuals in this modern civilization era. The fundamental conditions and rights are mentioned in the document of international founding. The modern liberalism has highlighted that; the free trade must be controlled and guided by certain regulations and rules that are enforced by the accountability foundations at the national, regional and international levels. It recognizes and understands the effectively and the importance of the free trade recall with several effective public policies in order to sustain the development and overcome the reasons and issues related poverty in the society.

Reform movement Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Reform movement - Essay Example Selfish needs of certain people especially if they are in power often result in backlash and revolt. Such revolts arise mostly because of suppression and lack of freedom. There have been many revolutions throughout the world which has changed the world for better. Abolitionist movement is one such revolution which arose in 1800’s with a motive to achieve emancipation for all slaves and to end all kind of racial discrimination in Unites States of America. People who supported the movement or advocated immediate end to slavery were known as abolitionist. Abolitionist movement which had started centuries ago was not new to the American people as many African slaves used to kill either themselves or their captors in order to resist slavery. In nineteen century when the society became more liberal and aware, more and more white people condemned slavery as unchristian.1 The first white people to denounce slavery in Europe and European colonies were known as Quakers. Quakers believed in universal equality and demanded equal rights for black and white man. They played an important role in abolishing slavery in Europe and were also behind the abolitionist movement in United States.2 Slaves were chained and were transported in crowded diseases ridden ships. These slaves were subject to abuse from the ship crew. Many of the Africans died on their way to America. The working conditions of these slaves were inhuman and were made to do rigorous labor in dreadful conditions. Although the movement started in 1800’s the overall sentiment regarding the abolitionist movement remained muted until 1830 when American Anti Slavery Society was formed to raise voice against slavery and the overall anti slavery movement gathered pace. The movement was very controversial as many powerful businessman and politicians opposed ending slavery, as it meant huge economical losses to them. The movement which started in the year 1800‘s gathered momentum in

Absolutism Essay -- English History French History Papers

Absolutism During the pre-Enlightenment period, France and England went through very dramatic and very different government change. At the beginning of this time period, England had achieved relative stability, due largely in part to Elizabeth I long and successful reign. On the other hand, France had been subjected to numerous civil and religious wars, therefore leading to instability. French absolutism was largely a result of these crises and tragedies, with the country recognizing the need for a strong, powerful leader, which they found during the long and successful reign of Louis XIV. In England however, many problems arose due to a series of short and incapable rulers, beginning with James I and ending with James II. During Louis XIV’s reign, he was able to create a strong and stable absolute state by controlling the French nobility. Previously, during Louis XIII reign, the nobility had a great deal of power, and the French government was not centralized. Instead, the nobles acted as the middlemen, regulating the taxes and military of the French regions. The peasants paid taxes directly to the nobles, who kept a certain portion for themselves and then paid the remainder to the King. Individual regions raised and paid for their own armies; when the king required military help, the army came from these semi-private sources. Religiously, the state was also controlled by the nobles due to the Edict of Nantes, which gave the nobles the power to determine the religion of their lands. These factors lead to a divided French state, which reduced the power of Louis XIII. France was subjected to various civil wars and wars of religion, and the future king, Louis XIV, witnessing this period of unrest, vowed to impleme... ...V had achieved, and the English people feared their religious freedom was being jeopardized. These circumstances would then lead to England’s â€Å"Glorious Revolution,† which would take on the unpopular monarchy and defeat it, thereby putting William and Mary in the English throne. France and England underwent very different changes during the seventeenth century. While France transformed from an instability, war-torn country to a united, prosperous nation, England did just the opposite. France’s success can be largely attributed to Louis XIV long reign, and England’s decline was caused by a series of short rules by vastly different rulers. The rise of absolutism in France proved Louis’s power over his people, and the rise of constitutionalism and parliamentary power in France was due to monarchial weaknesses and strained relations between the two governing bodies.

Why Kedarnath Happened

A scientific analysis of the reasons for the disaster that struck Uttarakhand, particularly the temple town. THE primary trigger for the Uttarakhand disaster following the very heavy rain during June 16-18 was the extremely unusual behaviour of the monsoon this year over north India. The incessant, heavy rainfall over three days, perhaps accompanied by a few cloudburst-type events (which cannot be confirmed), resulted in flash floods and associated landslides. The devastation all round in their wake has been huge but the largest impact has been at the temple town of Kedarnath, which was in the midst of the annual pilgrimage season, with tens of thousands of people thronging the town and the downstream region along the Mandakini river . 1). Rainfall measurements for June 16 and 17 at the Dehradun station, of 220 millimetres and 370 mm respectively, indicate the severity of the rain during these days in the region. Haridwar received 107 mm and 218 mm of rainfall on the two days. Uttarkashi received 122 mm and 207 mm. While Mukteshwar (altitude over 2,000 metres) received 237 mm and 183 mm respectively on June 17 and 18, Nainital on the same days received 176 mm and 170 mm. Though rainfall over a 24-hour period in different parts of Uttarakhand has greatly exceeded these figures in the past (on many occasions above 450-500 mm and once even 900 mm at Rajpur near Dehradun), prolonged heavy rainfall for nearly three days over a large area is perhaps unprecedented, and the cumulative effect, compounded by geophysical, meteorological and environmental factors, may be the reason for the enormity of the disaster. More pertinently, these numbers do not give the actual quantitative picture of the very heavy rainfall in the higher reaches of the Himalayas (above 3,000 m) in Uttarakhand, where Kedarnath, Gangotri and Badrinath are located and where the impact has been most severe. This is because the rain gauge stations of the India Meteorological Department (IMD) are all located largely in the lower Himalayan reaches (below 2,000 m) and there are no stations in the higher reaches (above 3000 m). This is probably because snowfall data is regarded as more important than detailed rainfall data in these regions. As a result, there is no proper estimate of the rainfall in the affected regions. Unexpected advance What was peculiar about the monsoon this year? On June 14, the monsoon front was located over eastern India. In fact it was a trifle sluggish compared with the normal progress of the front (Map 1a). But within a day (Map 1b), the front advanced right across Uttar Pradesh and the western regions to cover the entire country by June 15, exactly a month ahead of its normal date of July 15. While the IMD had forecast a rapid advance with the announcement that the monsoon would strike Delhi before the normal scheduled date of June 30, its advance right across to the west just within a day was entirely unexpected. This has never happened in the past, according to M. Rajeevan, Adviser in the Ministry of Earth Sciences (MoES). A system of westerly winds from the Arabian Sea had also been active during the same period and had covered Pakistan. It was a strong westerly system, and Rajeevan noted that it was similar to the system that stayed anchored over Pakistan in July 2010 and caused widespread flooding in Sindh, Punjab and Baluchistan. Of course, by July 2010 the south-west monsoon had covered entire India, but this time around the system had formed in June itself. It was the interaction between the well-formed low-pressure system of the south-west monsoon from east to west and the upper air westerly trough running from north-west Rajasthan to the east that resulted in the heavy rainfall over Uttarakhand. In fact, the westerly system dragged the monsoon trough, which was anchored over Rajasthan and central India until then, towards the north across Haryana. A monsoon trough facilitates the movement of rainfall-causing low-pressure systems along its path. Its rapid movement northwards enabled the low-pressure system that was in the eastern part of the country to quickly traverse and locate itself over north-west India. According to Rajeevan, while the phenomenon of the monsoon trough being dragged northwards by the advancing strong westerly trough is known to occur, the exact dynamics of interaction between the two systems is not well studied. Thus, as the press release of June 20 of the IMD noted, â€Å"North-west India became the zone of an unusual confluence of the two branches of the monsoon—the Arabian Sea branch and the Bay of Bengal branch. The geology and orography of [the Himalayan regions] of Uttarakhand and Himachal Pradesh resulted in the unprecedented impact in these two States. † While the IMD had issued warnings of widespread severe rainfall in the region soon after the observation of the advancing monsoon systems, the scale of impact could not be anticipated. Geophysical dynamics The peculiarity of the monsoon apart, the other interesting question is what geophysical dynamics channelled the major part of devastation along the Kedarnath valley and downstream of Kedarnath on the Mandakini. The region around Kedarnath is known to geologists to be prone to landslides. This is also clear from an early 1882 Geological Survey of India photograph of Kedarnath (Picture 2), which shows that the temple site is located not far away from the snouts of two mountain glaciers. David Petley, an expert on landslides at the Department of Geography at Durham University, United Kingdom, has analysed the calamitous event at Kedarnath on the basis of images from the remote-sensing satellites of the Indian Space Research Organisation (ISRO) and the U. S. Landsat. He points out that the amount of debris and rubble below the glacier on the left side of the 1882 picture suggests that transportation of sediment and debris from the upper reaches was active even then, and adds that the steep slope that is visible would have aided rapid transportation. It should be borne in mind that the geology is still roughly the same (Picture 3). It is evident from the post-event images of Kedarnath town around the temple that the massive destruction was the result of largescale debris carried by the huge volume of water from the upper reaches above the town. One of the compounding factors was that the glacial regions above Kedarnath had received fresh and excess snowfall when heavy rainfall hit the region (Pictures 4a & b), according to scientists of the National Remote Sensing Centre (NRSC) of ISRO. Rainwater, with higher temperature, falling on the snow must have led to heavy snow melt and this runoff would have added to the rainwater runoff, resulting in a huge water flow that carried with it a huge debris flow, which struck the town with enormous ferocity. The snow cover has, in fact, increased in general subsequent to the extreme rainfall and flooding events (the satellite image on May 28/June 1 shows less snow cover). According to the NRSC scientists, the detailed dynamics of water flow due to snow melt caused by rain, particularly when snowfall is in excess, and the hydrology of it are not well understood. The NRSC recently released excellent high-resolution pre-flood and post-flood images of the Kedarnath region (Pictures 5a & 5b) taken by ISRO’s remote-sensing satellites Cartosat-2A and Resourcesat-2. The NRSC, on the basis of remote-sensing images from Resourcesat-2, has carried out an inventory of the landslides that occurred between Kedarnath and Sonprayag, a distance of approximately 20 km on the Mandakini. According to the preliminary report, the study identified a total of 192 landslides in this Himalayan stretch (Picture 6). Many landslides were triggered in the glacial regions in the mountains above Kedarnath. The large-scale debris flows from above were the result of these massive landslides. Double whammy Actually, for Kedarnath it was a double whammy. The massive damage caused to Kedarnath town can be seen clearly in the post-flood image. Just as there was an unusual confluence of two monsoon streams up in the atmosphere, in the mountainous terrain around Kedarnath, too, there was a coincidental reinforcing of two massive debris flows from above, one from the north-western side of the Kedarnath temple and the other from the north-eastern side. Petley has analysed these images to arrive at a plausible scenario as to what caused the massive onslaught on the town, virtually flattening it. This flow cascaded further and caused heavy damage downstream as well. The NRSC scientists, too, in their analysis, have come roughly to the same general conclusion. According to Petley, the two different but reinforcing events that caused the disaster were landslide-induced debris that came from the glaciated area in the north-east and a glacial-related flow that originated from the north-west glacier. From the images, one can distinctly identify the two flows. Petley, from his analysis of the images, the-cause -of-the-debris-flow-disaster-is-now -clear/), has inferred the following: 1. The flow from the north-east came down the margin of the glacier and spread out to strike the town. 2. The north-west flow descended from the other glacier to hit the town. 3. While a large part of the flow from the north-west passed the town on its west side, a part also struck it directly. On the basis of the pattern of overlay of sediments and their nature, Petley concludes that the flow from the north-west occurred after the one from the north-east. According to him, the debris flow from the north-east was triggered by a large, 75 m wide, landslide caused by heavy rainfall high on the mountains, which then came down the steep slope about 500 m, gathering the debris in its path. The flow was initially channelled into a narrow gully formed by the glacier and on exiting it the flow spread out in the floodplains before striking the town over a large area. The steepness of the slope would have given the debris enormous velocity when it struck the town. The total length traversed by this debris flow is estimated to be about 1,200 m. The event from the north-west was, however, quite different, points out Petley. The spot marked 1 in Picture 7 is a moraine, which had created a block for a basin to form, allowing the water to build up in it as a pool or a lake. This is what the local people call the Chorabari Tal, to which, in fact, pilgrims trek a few kilometres along the west side of the valley to have a dip. The Chorabari glacier has been retreating constantly in modern times, and according to D. P. Dobhal of the Wadia Institute of Himalayan Geology, it has retreated about 300 m since 1960. The effect of the retreat is to leave a moraine that can allow lakes to form, which can then collapse,† pointed out Petley in an e-mail message to Frontline. â€Å"In Kedarnath, this is exactly what happened. I am not sure when the lake basin formed—it may not have been in modern times—but this is a dangerous situation. Of equal concern is the trend towards more intense rainfall, especially if this occurs early in the year (that is, during snowmelt),† Petley added. Wall of water Eyewitness accounts say a huge wall of water swept the Kedarnath town in a flash. The spot marked 2 shows that the moraine had been breached by the rapidly building up water because of heavy rainfall and the water overtopping the moraine wall. The breach led to the sudden release of the impounded water and resulted in a massive wall of water sweeping across the Kedarnath valley and the town and causing a huge flash flood. According to the NRSC scientists, this lake would have had a depth of about 15 m, and the event was not exactly a glacial lake outburst flood (GLOF), which occurs when a dam or moraine wall is breached because of the sheer pressure exerted by the stagnant glacial water and ice that it encloses. This was a case of lake flooding because of excessive rainfall and consequent overtopping of the moraine wall, which eventually breached. The flow was so huge and forceful that it overtopped the moraine on the other side of the glacier as well, at the spot marked 3, resulting in three flows: one moving south-east to join the earlier debris flow from the north-east and enhancing it before turning southwards and striking the town. The third flow is a new channel that opened up, perhaps exploiting an existing old channel, because of the breach at spot 3. Heading down the slope towards the town at great velocity, it gathered sediment and debris en route and resulted in a muchwidened flow closer to Kedarnath. However, the bulk of the debris flow, as Picture 7 shows, moved southwards towards the town down the main channel on the south western side, which is the normal channel for glacial water flow. The spot marked 4 shows heavy erosion due to the flow in the area, suggesting that the flow must have carried a huge volume of water. According to Petley, this flow must have carried the many huge boulders and rocks seen in the post-flood image of the temple town. Closer to the town, the flow spread before striking. As a result, the debris and water flow moved to the east side of the town as well, engulfing the town from both sides. According to this picture supplied by Petley, which others too are in general agreement with, Kedarnath was first pounded by an earlier debris flow from the north-east, then a later pounding by the flow from the north-west. Petley suggests that the latter flow must have been more efficient because of the preceding events and also because it struck the town from both the west and the east simultaneously. The image also shows a dark patch just above Kedarnath on the north-eastern side (to the right of the spot marked 5) suggesting the formation of a new depression, which could have turned into a small-sized lake because of the heavy rainfall. It is also possible that water built up in this new depression, which would have been substantial, overtopped it and hit the town from the eastern side, enhancing the effect of the runoff and debris flow from the north-eastern side, an aspect that Petley has not considered. Downstream of Kedarnath, the flow remained contained within the channel. As a result, there was massive erosion of the banks of the Mandakini Further, smaller villages downstream were also severely damaged, and some of them, such as Rambara, were totally destroyed ). The damage caused to the Kedarnath region and downstream villages by the natural destruction resulting from unusual meteorological and geophysical processes was undoubtedly greatly enhanced because of the general environmental degradation caused by the massive and unregulated influx of pilgrims year after year, the haphazard development fuelled by tourist traffic, and the unplanned and poor construction of buildings and roads. Given the vulnerability of the region, the town itself has come up in a very dangerous location, points out Petley. Therefore, how much of the destruction in this event was actually man-made is a moot question. Besides the challenges of disaster management on such a massive scale, the Uttarakhand floods have also thrown up a lot of scientific challenges in the detailed understanding of monsoon dynamics as well as in the geophysical processes of landslides and large-scale debris flow and the heavy damage they can inflict on life, property and the ecology of a region.

Is There Information On The Systems And Supports That May...

Systems-based Practice Is there information on the systems and supports that may be available to support unmet healthcare needs? Mauer does not include in her article a system-based approach in supporting unmet healthcare needs. She references the CDC several times throughout the article, but does not suggest nor provide instructions on how to obtain information from the organization. People can refer to the CDC and receive countless information regarding disease prevention, and actions one can take to protect yourself and others if a disease outbreak were to occur. Does it consider a variety of economic, regional and demographic factors? No, Mauer does not describe or consider a variety of economic, regional, and demographic factors within the article. Mauer and the CDC explain that an outbreak can still occur due to the result of many people that are not vaccinated and/or people that are infected, but are asymptomatic; which include people that travel because they can easily infect others (Mauer, 2015, p. 96), (Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, 2012). To strengthen her article, Mauer could have included locations that are particularly high risk for disease outbreak, and areas in which economic factors may impact the availability of vaccines. Teamwork and Collaboration Is the material presented with a variety of multidisciplinary perspectives? The article, â€Å"Vaccine Fears†, written by Elena Mauer, addresses the fears many parents have regarding vaccinatingShow MoreRelatedThe Number Of Grandparents Raising Grandchildren1310 Words   |  6 Pagesmodeling positive behavior (Systems, 2007, pp. A1-A5). Participants need to be provided with a note pad so they may take notes. 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